Disclosures outside the submitted work: C. Gilligan reports payment of part of his salary to his department and stock-options received from Mainstay, personal fees from Medtronic, Saluda, Abbott, Persica, Eli Lilly, Iliad, research funded by Sollis, and expert witness testimony fees; W. Vollschenk reports personal fees from Mainstay; M. Russo reports personal fees from Mainstay; C.Gilmore reports personal fees and other from SPR, and personal fees from Nevro, Nalu, Biotronik, Boston Scientific, and Saluda; V.Mehta reports grants from Mainstay and Abbott, grants and personal fees from Boston Scientific and Medtronic; K. De Smedtreports personal fees from Mainstay; U. Latif reports personal fees from Medtronic; P. Georgius reports personal fees from Boston Scientific, Abbott and Spectrum; J. Gentile reports personal fees from Mainstay; B. Mitchell reports personal fees from Mainstay; M. Langhorst reports personal fees from Mainstay and Vivex; F. Huygen reports grants and personal fees from Abbott and Saluda,and nonfinancial support from Boston Scientific; G. Baranidharan reports a grant from Mainstay, grants and personal fees fromNevro, Abbott, Boston Scientific, and personal fees from Nalu and Stryker; V. Patel reports personal fees from Mainstay, grants from Orthofix, Pfizer, Premia Spine, Medicrea, Globus, Aesculap, and 3-Spine; A. Gulve reports personal fees from Medtronic andBoston Scientific, grants and personal fees from Nevro and Abbott; J.P. Van Buyten reports personal fees from Mainstay, andgrants and personal fees from Medtronic, Nevro, Boston Scientific and Abbott; A. Tohmeh reports stock ownership and personalfees with two spine companies; J. Fishgrund reports personal fees from Stryker, Relievant, FzioMed, BioVentus and Asahi Kasei; F.Ahadian reports a grant from Mainstay; T. Deer reports grants, personal fees, and other from Abbott, Saluda and SPR, grants and personal fees from Boston Scientific, personal fees and other from SpineThera, Nalu, Cornerloc and Ethos, personal fees from Stimgenics, Flowonix and SI Bone, and a patent pending with Abbott; J. Rathmell reports personal fees from the American Board of Anesthesiology, and personal fees from the American Society of Anesthesiology; G. Maislin reports personal fees from Mainstay. J.P. Heemels reports personal fees and equity interests with Mainstay; S. Eldabe reports personal fees and non-financial support from Mainstay, grants and personal fees from Medtronic, and other from Abbott.The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose outside of the submitted work